Existence of chaos for partial difference equations via tangent and cotangent functions

Abstract

Abstract This paper is concerned with the existence of chaos for a type of partial difference equations. We establish four chaotification schemes for partial difference equations with tangent and cotangent functions, in which the systems are shown to be chaotic in the sense of Li–Yorke or of both Li–Yorke and Devaney. For illustration, we provide three examples are provided.