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    <journal>
      <journal_metadata language="en">
        <full_title>The Journal of Independent Teaching and Learning</full_title>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2519-5670</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_issue>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>09</month>
          <day>30</day>
          <year>2020</year>
        </publication_date>
      </journal_issue>
      <journal_article publication_type="full_text">
        <titles>
          <title>Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="first">
            <given_name>Martin Amogre</given_name>
            <surname>Ayanore</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Health and Allied Sciences</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4095-3047</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-6473-0794-3296</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Kaleab Alemayehu</given_name>
            <surname>Zewdie</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ethiopian Defence University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-421X</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-5325-8775-1229</item_number>
          </person_name>
          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Biniyam Sahiledengle</given_name>
            <surname>Geberemariyam</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Debre Berhan University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-7991-7884-2685</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Abdu A.</given_name>
            <surname>Adamu</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Stellenbosch University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-1319</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-2207-3904-1239</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Tufa</given_name>
            <surname>Kolola</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ambo University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0339-8176</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-7819-3728-8447</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Ali</given_name>
            <surname>Kabir</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ahmadu Bello University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9496-4705</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-3734-1749-0424</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Mona M</given_name>
            <surname>Khater</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Cairo University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5858</ORCID>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Mayowa Ojo</given_name>
            <surname>Owolabi</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Ibadan</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-3070</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-9802-9109-3443</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Zainab Z.</given_name>
            <surname>Samad</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Aga Khan University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2422-3199</ORCID>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Abdallah M</given_name>
            <surname>Samy</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ain Shams University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3978-1134</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-1887-9812-3599</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Hosni Khairy</given_name>
            <surname>Salem</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Cairo University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4129-6683</ORCID>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Moses Kinyanjui</given_name>
            <surname>Muriithi</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Nairobi</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
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            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-2079-6607-8302</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Assefa Ayalew</given_name>
            <surname>Gebreslassie</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Mekelle University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-1931-7361-0658</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Andrew T</given_name>
            <surname>Olagunju</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Lagos</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-9886</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-9430-1571-0620</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Mojisola Morenike</given_name>
            <surname>Oluwasanu</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Ibadan</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7186-1113</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-1957-3897-7543</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Josephine W</given_name>
            <surname>Ngunjiri</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Embu</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-3088-3328-4447</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Abdilahi</given_name>
            <surname>Yousuf</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Jigjiga University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-2183</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-4956-6682-5313</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Berhane Fseha</given_name>
            <surname>Teklehaimanot</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Médecins Sans Frontières</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-9327-3578-7137</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Bolajoko Olubukunola</given_name>
            <surname>Olusanya</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Centre for Healthy Start Initiative</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3826-0583</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-7482-2992-0818</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Susan F.</given_name>
            <surname>Rumisha</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ifakara Health Institute</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-488X</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-5790-2853-5338</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Desalegn Getnet</given_name>
            <surname>Demsie</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Bahir Dar University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9384-7398</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-1917-9273-7507</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Eugène</given_name>
            <surname>Sobngwi</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Université de Yaoundé I</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-6572</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-8748-0737-0044</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Mu’awiyyah Babale</given_name>
            <surname>Sufiyan</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ahmadu Bello University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-6995</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-9335-6690-3327</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Tissa</given_name>
            <surname>Wijeratne</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Pretoria</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-7111</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-5939-1909-5655</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Wondimeneh Shibabaw</given_name>
            <surname>Shiferaw</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Debre Berhan University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4348-591X</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-9270-4448-5416</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Iman El</given_name>
            <surname>Sayed</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Alexandria University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-958X</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-8213-8795-4902</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Chidozie C D</given_name>
            <surname>Iwu</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Madda Walabu University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-59MH-AHJ6-WTHR</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Ali</given_name>
            <surname>Shalash</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ain Shams University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7012-5907</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-4743-4968-8687</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Agegnehu</given_name>
            <surname>Bante</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Arba Minch University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0583-6635</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-2427-9262-1953</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Emmanuel Wandera</given_name>
            <surname>Okunga</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ministry of Health</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Henok Biresaw</given_name>
            <surname>Netsere</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Bahir Dar University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
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            <given_name>Muktar Omer</given_name>
            <surname>Omer</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Nigeria</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
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            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-4897-1767-4726</item_number>
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            <given_name>Olatunji</given_name>
            <surname>Adetokunboh</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Stellenbosch University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
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            <given_name>Ahmed I</given_name>
            <surname>Hasaballah</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Al-Azhar University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-1958</ORCID>
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            <given_name>Hala Rashad</given_name>
            <surname>Elhabashy</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Cairo University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-3903</ORCID>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Anbissa Muleta</given_name>
            <surname>Senbeta</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Ethiopian Public Health Institute</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
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            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-6855-3993-1144</item_number>
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            <given_name>Shaimaa Ibrahim</given_name>
            <surname>El-Jaafary</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Cairo University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-4420</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-5852-4910-4660</item_number>
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            <given_name>Ketema Bizuwork</given_name>
            <surname>Gebremedhin</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Addis Ababa University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3335-8052</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-4812-5331-4481</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Mohamed</given_name>
            <surname>Hsaïri</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Tunis University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-6743-7479-7222</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Ahmed</given_name>
            <surname>Abdelalim</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Cairo University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6445-5539</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-4328-3079-5896</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Manasi</given_name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Nairobi</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-8014</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-3128-3279-8812</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Tomas Y.</given_name>
            <surname>Yeheyis</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Hawassa University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-8060</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-8922-6112-9923</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Yetunde O.</given_name>
            <surname>John-Akinola</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Ibadan</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5291-765X</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-8203-1339-8823</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Chidozie C D</given_name>
            <surname>Iwu</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Pretoria</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-7405-2508-7798</item_number>
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            <given_name>Maha El</given_name>
            <surname>Tantawi</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Alexandria University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4989-6584</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-2875-1094-1984</item_number>
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            <given_name>Feleke Mekonnen</given_name>
            <surname>Demeke</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>Bahir Dar University</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2331-0557</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-7800-5015-5182</item_number>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Segun Emmanuel</given_name>
            <surname>Ibitoye</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Ibadan</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-816X</ORCID>
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          <person_name contributor_role="author" sequence="additional">
            <given_name>Obinna Emmanuel</given_name>
            <surname>Onwujekwe</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>University of Nigeria</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-4285</ORCID>
            <item_number item_number_type="afrischolar-id">ASID-2568-7451-1661</item_number>
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            <given_name>Dickson Abanimi</given_name>
            <surname>Amugsi</surname>
            <affiliations><institution><institution_name>African Population and Health Research Center</institution_name></institution></affiliations>
            <ORCID authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5261-8481</ORCID>
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        </contributors>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>09</month>
          <day>30</day>
          <year>2020</year>
        </publication_date>
        <doi_data>
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